Forest Succession Stages and Maturity

Successional changes in plant communities were recognized and described well before the 20th century. Frederick E. Clements observations were developed into theory while he created the original vocabulary and published the first scientific explanation for the process of succession in his book, Plant Succession: An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation. It is very interesting to note that sixty years earlier, Henry David Thoreau described forest succession for the first time in his book, The Succession of Forest Trees. Plant Succession Trees play a major role in creating terrestrial plant cover when conditions develop to the point where some bare-ground and soil is present. Trees grow alongside grasses, herbs, ferns, and shrubs and compete with these species for future plant community replacement and their own survival as a species. The process of that race toward a stable, mature, climax plant community is called succession which follows a successional pathway and each major step reached along the way is called a new seral stage. Primary succession typically occurs very slowly when site conditions are unfriendly to most plants but where a few unique plant species can catch, hold, and thrive. Trees are not often present under these initial harsh conditions. Plants and animals resilient enough to first colonize such sites are the base community that kick starts the complex development of soil and refines the local climate. Site examples of this would be rocks and cliffs, dunes, glacial till, and volcanic ash. Both primary and secondary sites in initial succession are characterized by full exposure to the sun, violent fluctuations in temperatures, and rapid changes in moisture conditions. Only the hardiest of organisms can adapt at first. Secondary succession tends to happen most often on abandoned fields, dirt, and gravel fills, roadside cuts, and after poor logging practices where disturbance has occurred. It can also start very rapidly where the existing community is completely destroyed by fire, flood, wind, or destructive pests. Clements defines the succession mechanism as a process involving several phases when on completion is called a sere. These phases are: 1.) Development of a bare site called Nudism; 2.) Introduction of living regenerative plant material called Migration; 3.) Establishment of vegetative growth called Ecesis; 4.) Plant competition for space, light, and nutrients called Competition; 5.) Plant community changes that affect the habitat called Reaction; 6.) Final development of a climax community called Stabilization. Forest Succession in More Detail Forest succession is considered a secondary succession in most field biology and forest ecology texts but also has its own particular vocabulary. The forest process follows a timeline of tree species replacement and in this order: from pioneer seedlings and saplings to transition forest to young growth forest to mature forest to old growth forest. Foresters generally manage stands of trees that are developing as part of a secondary succession. The most important tree species in terms of economic value are a part of one of several serial stages below the climax. It is, therefore, important that a forester manage his forest by controlling the tendency of that community to move toward a climax species forest. As presented in the forestry text, Principles of Silviculture, Second Edition, foresters use silvicultural practices to maintain the stands in the seral stage that meets societys objectives most closely.

The Constitution And The Law - 877 Words

Our Constitution is over two centuries old and since the birth of it as early as 1803 the Supreme Court defined its role and power in the case, Marbury v. Madison, 1803, establishing the authority to define what the law is. Thus, if the law is confusing, it is up to the courts to interpret the law through the process of judicial review. There is much controversy as to whether or not judges are following the laws as written or imposing their personal preferences and rewriting law to suit themselves. Ackerman believes â€Å"it’s a good thing that formal amendment is so hard; otherwise, the Constitution would become a mess, full of details signifying little,† (Ackerman, 2007 p. 1743). There are opposing viewpoints as to the approach and evolving perspectives in the decisions made by our judges. I will analysis the opposing proponents, originalists and Living Constitutionalists, viewpoints in their interpretation of the Constitution and present their arguments in relation t o their perspective on the Constitution. In addition, I will apply their interpretational philosophies in the case Griswold v. Connecticut and ascertain the impact of their philosophies to the outcome of the case. The originalists, one of the two opposing proponents, believe in the theory of interpretation, that views the Constitution s provisions mean what the framers and the citizens understood then to mean, (Strauss, 2010). In other words, the actual meaning of the provision governs if the original meaning ofShow MoreRelatedRule of Law in the Constitution1448 Words   |  6 Pageswithout discrimination. In Australia, the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (Imp) is the primary source by which society operates as an essentially free society. This paper seeks to establish that the functioning of such a society is dependent upon the existence of a legal framework supporting the rule of law, which is ultimately, an ideology. Analogically, the circumstances in which the application of the rule of law has either created a free society or undermined it will be exploredRead MoreFederal Law And The U.s. Constitution Essay836 Words   |  4 Pageso U.S. Constitution Under the application of Federal Law and the U.S. Constitution it has been specifically addressed that a fetus has not been granted the rights and privileges of a person. The topic in itself is highly controversial with arguments originating on both sides of the discussion platform. Legal civil liberties have focused on the rights and privileges of the mother. Components of the U.S. Constitution that would have a direct bearing in formulating a reasonable course of action wouldRead MoreEssay Constitution And Law In America970 Words   |  4 Pages Constitution’s Significance with Law in America The definition of constitution is the act or process of composing, setting up or establishing (Websters Dictionary online). When I think of constitution I think of our â€Å"founding father’s†, the ones who established our governemnt and function. I am reminded of why they came over here. I think of the Constitution as the mission statement for the American government. America’s set of standards. It gaurantees that we cannot stray from the vision of whatRead MoreThe Rule Of Law And The Uk Constitution1298 Words   |  6 PagesThe rule of law is seen as being one of the most fundamental components of the UK constitution as well as being a principle that is concerned with restricting parliamentary action. Though the rule of law is seen to be a component in the constitution; the actual meaning of the rule of law has been very problematic to interpret. This is considerably down to the fact that it means different things to different people as since the nineteenth ce ntury, academics, politicians and judges have proposed diverseRead MoreThe Constitutional Law Is Not The World Constitution2418 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"The fundamental law which determines the manner in which the public authority is to be exercised is what forms the constitution of the state.† Extrapolating this concept to the international political process, the bulk of the most important norms which regulate political activity and relationships in the global polity could be called an international constitution. However, an international or global constitution cannot be gained by simply scaling up a typical state constitution. 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Failure to constitute a trust will mean that no gift or trust is applicable; and the law that relates to perfect constituted gifts and trusts will not be appropriate. Moreover, the axiom of equity will intervene: equity will not perfect an imperfect gift. The state of equity at the start of 21st century has changed significantly through a number

SPARTACUS Project Free Essays

Please be advised that you have been selected to join the SPARTACUS Project beginning June 1, 2011. This project requires complete confidentiality due to the sensitivity of its workers. The current company has selected to outsource our company to manage their labor functions. We will write a custom essay sample on SPARTACUS Project or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are 300 skilled labor workers currently employed. We would like to keep all 300 on board, have them join our company, and continue doing their current job roles. Our team will be evaluating the current process and work instructions on the floor to understand the job functions, to ensure the LEAN process and identify any opportunities for improvement. During this evaluation we will be communicating with the workers. Since they are not aware of the change in management, it is our goal to make them feel at ease with our presence, answer any questions as honestly as possible, try to eliminate any uncertainty that they may have, and establish somewhat of a relationship with them. We will have 30 days of evaluation prior to taking over the complete process. On the 25th day the company will announce the outsourcing of management of their labor and advise the workers the option to join our company with the same pay, benefits and seniority. If they do not choose to remain they will be offered a severance package based on the length of time with the company. Again our goal is to retain as many of the skilled workers as possible. This company has a very low attrition rate and workers are loyal with 5, 10, and 15 years of service. On this project you will experience different attitudes, emotions, and personalities, you are to establish a relationship with the worker and motivate them not only to stay on board but to energize them with change. This is a difficult task; however keep in mind our reading in Chapter 6 of the Organizational Behavior textbook regarding Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. These needs are: 1. Physiological: Includes hunger, thirst, shelter, sex, and other bodily needs 2. Safety: Includes security and protection from physical and emotional harm 3. Social: Includes affection, belongingness, acceptance, and friendship 4. Esteem: Includes internal esteem factors such as self-respect, autonomy, and achievement; and xternal esteem factors such as status, recognition, and attention 5. Self-actualization: The drive to become what one is capable of becoming; includes growth, achieving one’s potential, and self-fulfillment As a team we need to recognize that these skilled workers have these needs and as the new company we need to cater to them. When you are out on the floor inquire what the worker would like to see change. Many workers are waiting on an opportunity to be heard and have never received a chance to voice it until now. Also praise the loyalty, dedication, and morale that you see on the floor, let them tell you about their time here with the company and their families, what they have accomplished and achieved both personally and career wise. Take notes of what they said, acknowledge them by name, and ask them how they are doing when you see them. We have 25 days to fulfilling these needs. In those 30 days we know that we will not retain everyone. Workers may leave as it is an opportunity to change careers, a chance for early retirement, leave the job force, or for many other reasons. You have been chosen to be part of this team as your personality, motivation, and leadership play a large part in this project; to retain as many skilled workers as possible. Your personality characteristics contain or scored high positively in the Big Five factors mentioned in Chapter 4 of the Organizational Behavior textbook. The Big Five factors are: 1. Extraversion: This dimension captures one’s comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be reserved, timid, and quiet. 2. Agreeableness: This dimension refers to an individual’s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic. 3. Conscientiousness: This dimension is a measure of reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized, dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable. 4. Emotional stability (often labeled by its converse, neuroticism): This dimension taps a person’s ability to withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure. 5. Openness to experience: The final dimension addresses one’s range of interests and fascination with novelty. Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically sensitive. Those at the other end of the openness category are conventional and find comfort in the familiar. Think of yourself as Spartacus leading himself and others from gladiator slavery with mere kitchen tools. History books state that Spartacus was able to influence 200 slaves to fight, only 80 of them got away in the first fight. You are utilizing the skills that you have learned to influence and motivate the skilled workers of this company to stay on board and let us manage them. You will face both acceptance and resistance. Resistance will come from workers who do not adapt to change well, and those that feel insecurity. Focus on them, take that challenge that you can influence them to accept, grow, and prosper with the change. Please feel free to discuss any questions, concerns, or ideas that you may with me at any time. My door is always open and your insight is always valuable. Remember you are an important asset in making this project a success. Reference Robbins, S. P. Judge, T. A. (2007). Organizational behavior (12th ed.). Retrieved from https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/eReader.aspx How to cite SPARTACUS Project, Papers

Coheed and Cambria “In Keeping Secrets of Silent Earth 3” free essay sample

If by now you dont know who Coheed and Cambria are, this album, â€Å"In Keeping Secrets of Silent Earth: 3,† is the one that got them where they are today. Hits like â€Å"A Favor House Atlantic† and â€Å"Blood Red Summer† brought them into the publics consciousness and although not necessarily the best, they are good. On this 2003 album is a ballad with some of the best rock out in the industry today. Lead singer and guitar player Claudio Sanchezs voice has been compared to Rushs lead singer, Geddy Lee, since his voice can also handle very high melodies. Claudios vocals are not what make this band shine, though, it is the lyrics he writes. All the lyrics are based on a science-fiction novel Claudio is writing, but the topics can also be seen in societys problems. If the lyrics dont hit you straight in the heart, then maybe the guitar work will. We will write a custom essay sample on Coheed and Cambria â€Å"In Keeping Secrets of Silent Earth: 3† or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mixed with slow transitions, fast-paced solos, and grinding power chords, it will most likely make you play air guitar as you listen. Each song is a progression through Claudios story. The opening, â€Å"The Ring in Return,† is a solid instrumental that would work well in a fantasy movie. The title track is a powerful introduction to what Coheed and Cambria is all about. The album is full of many of the same vocals with the guitars switched up a bit throughout. The fast-paced â€Å"Favor House Atlantic† is surely the song that you will learn by heart. Coheed and Cambria shows its softer side on the last track, â€Å"The Light The Glass.† This eight-minute song brings you through a roller coaster of fast and slow tempos. In the end, this turns out to be a great classic punk rock album, filled with lyrics of a story yet to be finished, and guitars that are filled with more creativity than most modern rock bands. Coheed and Cambria is not yet done, it has more albums to share with us in the future, and hopefully with the same drive as this one.